Why Hiring More Police Officers - 916 Words

There are several reasons why hiring more police officers does not reduce crime rates. First, if we increased our nation’s police force, the number of actual police officers per 10,000 citizens would continue to be insignificant because the police officer’s presence is already distributed very thin. Second, in spite of a large and noticeable police existence some criminals are not discouraged from committing crimes. Third, many crimes cannot be successfully stopped by police patrol because they are committed behind closed doors and occur in the heat of the moment (burglary and domestic violence). Fourth, if we hire an additional 100,000 police officers we would most likely not see a decline in crime because only 10% of those 100,000 newly hired police officers are on the streets patrolling and showing a presence. Police officers cannot work 24 hours a day and at best one officer is only used for 1/3 of the day. We also need to take into consideration even less time poli ce officers are on patrol for reasons such as sickness, vacations, family emergencies, and training. Furthermore, police officers need to transport arrested individuals to correctional facilities, fill out paperwork, and carryout other duties which keep them from showing a police presence. -Chapter 3 Pages 48-49 The 311 system is a nonemergency alternative to the well-known 911 system. People estimate 40% to 80% of all 911 calls are used for non-emergencies, because people dial 911 too readily. The keyShow MoreRelatedTraditional Policing Is A Popular Policing Approach To1654 Words   |  7 Pagestends to throw money to help fight crime by hiring more police officers. The hiring of more police officers is one of the policies that the traditional policing approach uses. People who are for traditional policing believe that this method works great because police officers are able to be at the scene of a crime quickly and it will make the lawbreakers stop committing crimes. (Worrall, 2015). However, I do not believe that hiring more police officers is an effective crime control policy. The deterrenceRead MoreThe Issues With Police Recruitment1069 Words   |  5 PagesIssues with Police Recruitment Police recruitment, specifically the recruitment of women and minorities, is an issue within the police organization. When it comes to gender in law enforcement, males outnumber females by a large margin. When looking at race in law enforcement Whites outnumber any other race. By leveling the fields of gender and race in law enforcement, this will prove to be beneficial to police organizations across the board. According to U.S. Census Bureau of 2005, women makeRead More Police Corruption and Misconduct Essay1684 Words   |  7 Pages Police corruption and misconduct come apparent in many different forms. A basic definition for police corruption is, when an officer gets involved in offenses where the officer uses his or her position, by act or omission, to obtain improper financial benefit. The main reason for such corruption is typically for personal gain, such as bribery. Police abuse of authority occurs in three different general areas such as physical abuse, psychological abuse, and legal abuse. Physical abuse is suchRead MoreHistory And Development Of Law Enforcement858 Words   |  4 Pagesenforcement. The first is the history and development of law enforcement, the hiring of, training of, and career paths of law enforcement officers, and last the various styles and primary operational strategies of today’s law enforcement agencies. The history of criminal justice system has come a long way from 1653 to where we are now in present day. America was built on the idea that government will not be centralized. That is why the Constitution developed a government divided into three branchesRead MorePhysical Fitness And Wellness Policy For The Austin Peay State University Police Department Essay1351 Words   |  6 Pagespolicy for the Austin Peay State University Police Department. It is my intention to examine the purpose and structure of a physical fitness and wellness policy and compare some precedent-setting court cases. By doing this, I hope to show that the Austin Peay State University Police Department needs to create a physical fitness and wellness policy. This physical fitness policy is needed because the functions performed by the police and security officers employed by the department require a level ofRead MoreSolving the Issue of Fellow Officers Abusing Their Power and Sometimes Taking the Law into Their Own Hands945 Words   |  4 PagesHow can police officials solve the issue of fellow officers abusing their power and at times taking the law into their own hands? In the field of law enforcement, it can be difficult to balance what is the right course of action to use based on the criminals and their intentions while being placed under arrest. It is important that officers make all the appropriate precautions so that their decision to implement use of force cannot be miscued as abuse of power. Police officers are on the forceRead MoreThe Issue Of Police Brutality1502 Words   |  7 PagesPolice brutality is a major issue in America and has been a hot topic that is the center of controversy. There have been many efforts to stop this abuse of power. Those efforts prove to have little results that will stop it. In some cases, law enforcement officers abuse their power and go too far, but it is not always the police officer who is at fault. Many claims have been proven false and the victim can turns out to be someone merely trying to get away with a crime. Claims can be proven accurateRead MoreThe Unwritten Code1350 Words   |  6 PagesUnwritten Code The Police â€Å"Code of Silence† is an unspoken rule among many police agencies in the country. It is a code of â€Å"honor† in the police brotherhood where giving information about another police officers wrongdoings is considered an act of betrayal. Other terms for the code include: â€Å"The Thin Blue Line,† and â€Å"The Wall of Silence.† Police academies across the nation are close-knit communities of law enforcement. From the first day on the job to the last, every officer is supposed to countRead MoreCriminal Activity in Salinas1695 Words   |  7 Pagesyou pull out your phone you see another robbery or assault. Why are we still plagued with gang violence and activities? What are the root problems for this increase in crime? What are the solutions? Before we can even try to come up with solutions to reducing and preventing crime would have to be understanding the factors behind the crimes that are plaguing Salinas California. We all know that the main reasons for crimes are gangs, but why do we have gangs. First of all the main reason we have gangsRead MoreHiring Process For The Police Workforce866 Words   |  4 Pages When one is beginning the hiring process for the police workforce, they have to overcome many obstacles that will test their general knowledge, psychological background, physical strength, etc. With each one of those subcategories, there are multiple ways to test each of their reactions. New police officers will have to go through various hours of training and examination of those above them. To start off the hiring process one would be tested on their common sense and general intelligence; following

Gilgamesh Is A Hero - 1209 Words

Since long ago, people carried an image of what it means to be a hero. It is evident in some great books one might even say. As in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Antigone, and The Iliad, heroism is displayed and exalted, but what does being a hero mean? Overarchingly, in regards to these works, the heroes earn their titles as heroes by notably doing what is right when the time is right, with humane purpose, and an everlasting message. However, Gilgamesh, Antigone, and Akhilleus, being different in their purposes, everlasting messages, type of heroism as whole, can not compare in regards to heroic status. Gilgamesh is a hero. He notably did good, had a humane purpose to do good, which in the end displayed an everlasting message. In The Epic of†¦show more content†¦At the end of the epic, after his epiphany, Gilgamesh returns to his kingdom, able to rule as a true leader, respecting his people, and his people respecting him. Gilgamesh displays this growth at the end of the Epic as he admires his city, â€Å"Survey its foundations, examine the brickwork!†, â€Å"Did the Seven Sages not lay its foundations?† (Gilgamesh 11.324,236) This was his act of of good. Realising what it takes to rule his kingdom, not like a tyrant, was what his message was. What truly made Gilgamesh a hero was his transformation from being a tyrant to a good king. Gilgamesh lived on through the foundations of his Kingdom, in a way, making him mortal. As people continue to study the epic, one might even suggest Gilgamesh obtained immortality as being remembered a hero. Antigone too was a hero, however, in a different way. While displayed a message, she did good, and had purpose, it was all slightly different than Gilgamesh. Antigone stood against the King, Creon, her uncle, who ruled tyrannically. With this, her message shared some parallel to Gilgamesh, suggesting that if a Tyrant is in power, change is needed. She criticized her uncle for not being a king of the people, as he made it illegal to bury one of her brothers. Despite Creon being king, she expressed, â€Å"But he’s no right to keep me from what’s mine† (Antigone line 60). Antigone actively expresses that being a king does not give one absolute right over every person. Through this, she is able to send the aShow MoreRelatedGilgamesh As A Hero1201 Words   |  5 Pageslong ago, people carried an image of what it means to be a hero. It is evident in some great books one might even say. As in The Epic of Gilgamesh, Antigone, and The Iliad, heroism is displayed and exal ted, but what does being a hero mean? Overarchingly, in regards to these works, the heroes earn their titles as heroes by notably doing what is right when the time is right, with humane purpose, and an everlasting message. However, Gilgamesh, Antigone, and Akhilleus, being different in their purposesRead MoreGilgamesh : A Hero Or Hero?1623 Words   |  7 Pages What is a hero? Is it a person who is admired and seen as one with courage, nobility, and heroic achievements, humble , and helpful and always looking for other’s favors? Or is it someone who is forcing his will through tyranny to be praised as a hero? Of course it’s the first option. Gilgamesh is supposed to be a story of a hero with no comparison of his strength, power and nobility. But the truth about Gilgamesh is that all he is looking for is his fame and fortune. The king’s tyrannyRead MoreGilgamesh a Hero1746 Words   |  7 PagesThe story of Gilgamesh, the King of Uruk who is two thirds god and one third human, is a interesting and intriguing piece of literature. The story tells of Gilgameshs strength, bravery, intelligence, looks, and loyalty making him a true model hero. It says that Gilgamesh was (pg.13), given a perfect body and endowed with beauty and courage and his beauty surpassed all others. Throughout the story he is constantly going into battle and going on long adventures to find answers that will betterRead MoreThe Hero Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh911 Words   |  4 Pagesstereotypical, sympathetic hero; the Batmans and Supermans who lose their parents in tragic circumstances and devote their lives to vanquishing evil. That however, is not the way heroes have always been portrayed. When we look at The Epic of Gilgamesh we see the archetype of every hero since, however, we are not overcome with a desire to see Gilgamesh succeed. On the hand, if we fast forward two thousand years and look at a hero from Africa named Sundiata who is very similar to Gilga mesh in many aspects, weRead MoreThe Hero Of The Epic Of Gilgamesh1759 Words   |  8 Pages In the â€Å"Epic of Gilgamesh†, it is easy to conclude that Gilgamesh, the protagonist of the story, is the hero. In â€Å"Like Mayflies in a Stream†, Gilgamesh is merely a scary person who appears in the story here or there rather than being the protagonist. Instead, Shamhat is the main person that the story focuses on, but the book is imprecise on one hero of the entire story. There are numerous characters that could reflect hero aspects such as going on a quest, having another to help guide them, or facingRead MoreGilgamesh: A Mythical Hero Essay840 Words   |  4 Pagesconfusions and battles. Within these myths lies a hero. From myth to myth and story to story, heroes experience what may be called a struggle or a journey, which lays down their plot line. Bearing tremendous strength, talent, and significant admiration, a hero holds what is precious to their audience, hero ism. Over time however, no matter the hero, the hero’s role remains indistinguishable and identical to the position of every other hero. Gilgamesh the king is a myth beholding various heroic traitsRead MoreEpic Of Gilgamesh : The Epic Hero1641 Words   |  7 PagesGilgamesh is an ancient Mesopotamian hero, featured in the famous tale of â€Å"The Epic of Gilgamesh†, who embarks on a perilous quest for immortality. This idea, â€Å"†¦touches on the most fundamental questions of what it actually means to be human†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Homer 33), and gives us light into the minds of the people during the era. Gilgamesh’s tale gives us a glimpse at how the people of that day viewed a â€Å"hero†, and allows us to reflect upon what we consider a â€Å"hero† today. Using the Epic Hero Cycle, I will analyzeRead MoreThe Epic Of Gilgamesh : The Jeopardy Of A Hero1271 Words   |  6 PagesThe Jeopardy of a Hero The Epic of Gilgamesh was an epic poem from ancient Mesopotamia. The Epic of Gilgamesh, is often known as the earliest surviving great work of literature, by an unknown author but translated by N.K. Sanders. The epic poem, tells a creative story about a bold hero named Gilgamesh. The Epic of Gilgamesh is a story that takes place in Summer of Uruk, in the Middle East around 2700 B.C. Gilgamesh is half man, half god. Enkidu, Gilgamesh’s friend is a man that was created fromRead MoreEpic of Gilgamesh: a Hero Essay1615 Words   |  7 PagesStill, there is a great difficulty that lies in defining what a hero truly is. Strength alone does not make a hero; nor does intelligence. Moreover, the Epic of Gilgamesh truly defines the definition of a hero. Gilgamesh is portrayed as a true hero through his skill, intelligence, willingness to die, reverence, and his respect for death. Throughout the entire epic, Gilgamesh demonstrates outrageous skill as a warrior and leader. â€Å"Gilgamesh is strong to perfection.† â€Å"He is an awesome beast with unmatchedRead MoreGilgamesh Heros Journey Analysis1052 Words   |  5 Pages In The Epic of Gilgamesh we see an epic hero, Gilgamesh, rule over the town of Urik. He is a harsh ruler who makes his power known to his people. Shortly after this, he meets his equal in strength, Enkidu, who is a man from nature. Together these two conquer many lands until the gods decide that they are two powerful together, and they kill Enkidu. This loss to Gilgamesh forces him to go out wandering the land looking for answers to immorality. Everything that Gilgamesh does follows the character

Null Hypothesis and Yellow Pages Free Essays

There are many reliable sources that are readily available for researching topics, whether it is for personal or professional use. Two of these sources are known as the Internet and the Yellow Pages. Based upon the test performed, to determine if the Yellow Pages will become obsolete in the near future, the following information was found based on the hypothesis and test results that have been recorded in the passage. We will write a custom essay sample on Null Hypothesis and Yellow Pages or any similar topic only for you Order Now There are many people who would prefer the use of the Internet to the Yellow Pages because of the convenience and not having to flip through pages to find what you are looking for. The Yellow Pages have become a thing of the past and is quickly being replaced by new research methods individuals can access via the Internet. In the past twenty years the Internet has continued to grow into what we know today. In 1993 the first primitive search engine was released (Seymour, Frantsvog, Kumar, 2011). Google became the prominent search engine around 2000 by using an algorithm to rank web pages; the desirable pages would be linked more than others based on importance (Seymour, Frantsvog, Kumar, 2011). With the growth of the Internet and the rise of technology, there has been an increase in the number of businesses that use the Internet for marketing (Salehi, Mirzaei, Aghaei, Abyari, 2012). Businesses use the Internet to increase their business and people have easy access to the Internet, which makes it convenient for shoppers online (Salehi, et al, 2012). Our team wanted to determine if the Yellow Pages or printed phone book was becoming obsolete. We believe that with the advancements of the Internet and with the increase of people having smart phones, which have the internet readily available at your fingertips, the phone book is no longer needed and will become an archaic form of obtaining business listings or shopping. To test and evaluate our research issue, we used the five steps of hypothesis testing. In the first step we hypothesized that the Yellow Pages will become obsolete in the near future with the advances of technology such as the Internet. Our team formulated a null hypothesis, which states the Yellow Pages will be proven as a viable research method. The second step was introduced to determine the characteristics of our comparison distribution. We polled 84 people, asking each person two questions. The first question was, â€Å"When looking for a business listing, do you look to the Internet/search engines or the Yellow Pages (hard copy)? † and the second question was, â€Å"If you are going to make a purchase, do you look in the phone book, Internet, or both? † Of the individuals polled, 68 were women and 16 were men. There were two individuals who fell into the under 20 category, three in the 21 to 30 group, 17 in the 31 to 40 range, 18 in the 41 to 50 crowd, 38 in the 51 to 60 set, and 6 representatives of the 60 and over. Our results showed for the first question there were 14 individuals who answered they used the Yellow Pages and 74 who preferred to use the Internet. The second question only yielded five people who answered Yellow Pages while 83 indicated they used the Internet. We set a cutoff point of 50% or . 5 hypothesized means difference of usage among all age groups. This cutoff point was used both as a first method of searching for a business as well as usage in general. The mean for Question 1 was determined to be 3 and for Question 2 the mean was determined to be 13. The Z score for the combined questions was -3. 71. The Z score for the first tail or Question 1 was 1. 64 and the Z score for the second tail or Question 2 was 1. 96. From our research and the data collected, we found that the null hypothesis was rejected. The statistics clearly show that there is over the 50% or . 5 hypothesized means difference. The gap in the Z scores shows a 5. 35 difference for the first question and 5. 37 for the second question. Through our research and statistics, we found the results to be opposite of our null hypothesis which is the basis for the rejection. â€Å"With the rise of local search sites, social media, and mobile directories, the physical Yellow Pages books delivered to consumers’ doors — long a staple of local marketing — are quickly becoming obsolete. According to data from the Local Search Association, total consumer references to print directories declined from 12 billion in 2009 to 7. 4 billion in 2011, and have most likely declined even more since (Jones, 2013, para. 2)†. There might be some interesting news for local businesses that still use marketing strategies through the Yellow Pages. The Yellow Pages is now offering advice in areas such as SEO, online advertising, paid search, and the effects of an online reputation in the social media. Recent findings show that on average, consumers consult two to three sources of information when intending on making a purchase. These sources include the Yellow Pages, but mostly through search engines. The physically printed Yellow Page book may become a part of history, but it will be a while before it is completely obsolete. â€Å"Today, Yellow Pages and search engines dominate the local search space among all media. Last year, 84% of people used a Yellow Pages product and 76% used a search engine to find a local business (Norton, 2011)†. With that said, there are some things to consider when utilizing the Yellow Pages to advertise your business, like reviewing your competitors ads, including a dedicated phone number, immediately creating a working system to track business leads, and including offers exclusively for ad respondents. The data and statistics we collected lead us to the results that the Yellow Pages will soon be outdated. While modern media like the Internet is on the rise, traditional print media will be pushed off the market. The Yellow Pages have found a way to use this change in marketing as an advantage. They now use new modern media to advertise their product as the Yellow Pages online. The Yellow Pages are a name and a brand that people trust, so the concept will never actually be outdated. While the Internet pushes traditional media out of business, like books, newspapers and other print media, those branches have found to be resourceful and will therefore always find a way to survive in today’s ever-changing market. How to cite Null Hypothesis and Yellow Pages, Papers

Employees Motivation And Performance Work -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Employees Motivation And Performance Work? Answer: Introducation Work life balance of employees especially in the private sectors has been a reason for concern for quite some time now. With the increase in the work pressure and job responsibilities in the private sectors, millions of employees around the world find it hard to maintain a balance between work and life. Furthermore, the excessive pressure and responsibilities result in extreme stress on the employee that in turn negatively affects the motivation and performance in office (Albertsen et al. 2014). Many employees of private sectors around the world have complained that in spite of having fixed shift hours, they were forced to work beyond their regular shift timings to complete their daily duties. Lack of job security further aggravates this issue, meaning the employees are always worried about their job status even if they perform well regularly. This research is mainly based on the effect of stress and work pressure on the performance and motivation of the employees of Standard Chartered Bank, Sri Lanka. Extreme stress and additional work pressure are two major problems that are being faced by a huge number of private sector employees worldwide. Although this problem is known to almost every one worldwide, there have not been any significant research activities on this particular topic that have provided reliable and sustainable solutions for this particular problem. Hence, this research topic has been chosen as it will allow a lot of scope to explore the areas that have not been researched earlier. Background of the Company Standard Chartered Bank first started operations in Sri Lanka in 1858 and is now one of the largest and oldest banks in the country. The bank started its call centre services in Sri Lanka in 1998 that was mainly meant for customer services and addressing queries regarding banking services. Currently, there are around 30 bank staff members who are employed in the call centre department to handle customer calls and address their queries regarding banking. Current Situation of the Company Recently, there have been several employee outrages in the Standard Chartered Bank, Sri Lanka owing to the high stress at work and lack of sufficient recess or holidays. Some of the employees have stated that on certain week days, they needed to work for continuous 17-18 hours without sufficient rest. As a result, they have not been able maintain balance their work with life and in addition, they lacked confidence and motivation at work that are affecting their work performances. Problem Statement Investigating the impact of stress and work pressure on employee motivation and performance as well as work life balance of the employees of SCB Sri Lanka (Research question: What impact does the stress and work pressure have on the motivation and performance of the employees of SCB?) Project Objectives To conduct a literature review in order to understand the impacts of the working policies of the companies on the employees To analyze the current situation at the call centre of Standard Chartered Bank (SCB), Sri Lanka To critically discuss the impacts of the banks policies on the employees To conduct questionnaire type surveys on the existing call centre employees of the SCB in Sri Lanka To summarize all the collected data for reaching a certain conclusion and prepare suitable recommendations to address the issues mentioned above Employee Stress According to the works of Bloom et al. (2014), employee satisfaction is an important attribute that is required to improve motivation and performance of the employee in the office. However, due to excessive work pressure and elongated shift hours, the employee satisfaction drops significantly and as a result, the performances of the employees also drop significantly. Mas and Pallais (2017) have also emphasized on maintaining a suitable level of employee satisfaction for helping them get motivated and perform their duties with success. However, as Moen et al. (2016) mentioned, some client based private organizations including call centers, software developers and others exert a bit too much pressure on the employees on the sole purpose of increasing the client base and revenue. Most of these private organizations have fixed shift hours and daily targets to be fulfilled. Despite these, the employees are forced to work extra each day and beyond shift hours without sufficient recess time or rest. For instance, if an organization has 10 AM to 6 PM shift hours, most of the time due to high work pressure and requirement to exceed daily target, one or more employees may need to work until 10 PM before they can leave office and go home. Employee Performance According to Landy and Conte (2016), the elongated shift hours and extreme work pressure also significantly affect the health of the employees that in turn negatively affect their motivation for work and performance. Due to lack of sufficient recess time, the regular schedules of a normal human being like lunch, dinner, etc. is disrupted. As a result, the employees easily become sick and perform poorly in office in the process. According to Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark (2016), some organizations, especially the call centers require their employees to fulfill all their targets and exceed them each month. In this process, if an employee fails to reach even daily target, he is needed to compensate for it the next day. When the employee fails to meet the target for few days, the target lag stacks up quickly and results in the requirement for overtime duty. Overtime duties cause extreme stress on the employees as they need to work extra hard for fulfilling their targets. Grgoire and Lachance (2015) stated that the extreme amount of work pressure also results in hampering the work life balance of the employees. Most of the employees, who work overtime in their offices spend almost 10 to 15 hours daily in office and rest of the time they need to sleep to regain their energy for next days work. As a result, they do not have sufficient time to spend for domestic duties and attend the needs of the family members. Many of the employees have little kids who require attention and care of their parents to grow up normally. Chau et al. (2016) stated in their research that the globalization of the industries has further worsened this issue. Globalization has resulted in international reach of the organizations; even the BPOs and call centers have started to attract international clients and enter the international market in the process. This globalization process has significantly increased the customer pool of the call centers; earlier they were having the national clients and now they are having access to international clients. On the other hand, the number of employees of the call centers has not increasing accordingly. Due to poor recruitment process and unwilling to spend more on employee wages, the call centers often rely on the current employees only to handle both national and international clients (Goodman, Mazerolle and Pitney 2015). Hence, once 20 employees had to handle 3000 national clients each day and with globalization, 30 employees have to handle 6000 national and international clients e ach day. Naturally, the work pressures of the employees have also increased significantly with the increase in the daily target to be fulfilled. Correlation between Stress and Performance According to Putnam, Myers and Gailliard (2014), the demands of the call centers are increasing with the fast growth of BPO. Most of the multinational organizations are outsourcing their customer service duties through the call centers as they are failing to incorporate the same within their business processes. As a result, the call centers are also growing in terms of the daily client call requirements and services. Hence, in order to maintain the requirements of clients from various time zones, the call centers are now kept open for 24 hours with changing shifts for the employees. However, that does not mean that the employees do not have to work extra. The employees need to far exceed their shift timings in order to fulfill their responsibilities before they are allowed to go home and rest. As per Billing et al. (2014), while some employees in the call centers are brought in for night shifts, some others have day shifts but have to work till late night in order to fulfill the targets and duties. Hence, they have very little time to spare at home and almost always fail to meet their domestic responsibilities, often enraging the other family members. However, Las Heras, Bosch and Raes (2015) said that some organizations have taken additional initiatives in order to ensure the employees do not lose their work life balance. These organizations occasionally allow the employees working for overtime for some days to work from home i.e. they are able to work without needing to go to office. At the same time, they can fulfill their domestic responsibilities along with performing office work. In spite of these initiatives, the employees are still under a lot of stress and lack of motivation that negatively affect their performances and domestic duties. Introduction to Research and Chosen Methodology There are several methodologies that can be used for research activities depending on the topic as well as the nature of the research. Some research methodologies involved only literature review and data collection from literature whereas some other research methodology involves conduction of survey and interviews to gather diverse statistical data (Mas and Pallais 2017). Generally, the methodologies are chosen based on the type of data needed for the project and suitable research parameters are chosen accordingly. The chosen methodology for this research will include conduction of survey on 50 employees of Standard Chartered Bank, Sri Lanka and analysis of the same to reach the required conclusion. Methodology Choice and Justification According to Kelly et al. (2014), there are two main research methodologies that can be applied as per requirements qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative research method mainly depends upon literature and analysis of other data sources whereas quantitative research method mainly depends on the analysis of statistical data generated from survey and interviews (Janssens and Zanoni 2014). There is also a mixed methodology that involves both qualitative and quantitative research. In this case, the qualitative data collected is to be verified with the help of quantitative data. For suiting the requirements of this project, quantitative research methodology will be most suitable as the data related to the research questions has to be collected from survey of the bank employees. Research Strategy and Justification Research strategy is a plan that requires developing a certain path through which, the research will be conducted. Without a research strategy, there will be no direction for the progress of the research (Lewis 2015). There are several research strategies that can be used like data collection and analysis from primary and secondary sources, literature survey and others (Agosti et al. 2015). However, for this particular research, survey and analysis strategy will be used supported by an initial literature analysis. This strategy is chosen because the research requirement demands collection of reliable and unbiased data regarding stress and work pressure and it can be accomplished by the survey process. The initial literature review will ensure there is no scope creep occurring during the course of the research. Population and Sampling Population is defined as the entire set on which the survey / analysis will be conducted whereas sampling is the exact set on which the analysis is possible (Lewis 2015). For this research, population is the number of employees of SCB who will be invited for the survey and sample will be the actual number of employees participating in the research. There are several sampling techniques available for the conduction of this research including both probability and non-probability sampling (Billing et al. 2014). Again in both these types, there are sub types of sampling and one is chosen based on the sample size and the nature of data to be investigated. For this research, the most suitable sampling technique will be stratified probability sampling and the survey will be done over 150 employees of the SCB. However, the estimated sample size is 50. The sampling and questionnaire interview process will help to determine actual data as per the real time experiences of the employees instead of works of other researchers that may be inaccurate and erroneous. Data Collection Data collection is defined as the process by which various types of data (primary and secondary) are collected in order to support the research conclusion as well as address the research question(s) (Gay and Mills 2015). Data will be collected from literature review as well as the questionnaire interviews in which, the employees of SCB will be asked to answer a set of questions. In addition, secondary data will be collected from some sources of other researchers who published certain data from their own research activities. The collection of various types of data will ensure the concluding values are verified by data from different sources. Ethical Approach Every research requires a certain ethical approach to ensure there is no unethical, illegal or breach of confidentiality activities are used as tools for the research. Ethical approach must be followed throughout the course of the research (Lewis 2015). Since the research is based on the analysis of work conditions in a particular organization, it should be ensured no internal data or confidential information of the organization is disclosed in public while publishing the research (Albertsen et al. 2014). Also during the interview, no personal questions will asked to the employees and they will not be forced to speak about some internal information of the organization. The ethical approach should be ensured in order to maintain confidentiality of the organization as well as the privacy and job security of the employees working in the organization under research. References Agosti, M.T., Andersson, I., Ejlertsson, G. and Janlv, A.C., 2015. Shift work to balance everyday life-a salutogenic nursing perspective in home help service in Sweden.BMC nursing,14(1), p.2. Albertsen, K., Garde, A.H., Nabe-Nielsen, K., Hansen, .M., Lund, H. and Hvid, H., 2014. Work-life balance among shift workers: results from an intervention study about self-rostering.International archives of occupational and environmental health,87(3), pp.265-274. Billing, T.K., Bhagat, R.S., Babakus, E., Krishnan, B., Ford, D.L., Srivastava, B.N., Rajadhyaksha, U., Shin, M., Kuo, B., Kwantes, C. and Setiadi, B., 2014. Workfamily conflict and organisationally valued outcomes: the moderating role of decision latitude in five national contexts.Applied psychology,63(1), pp.62-95. Bloom, N., Liang, J., Roberts, J. and Ying, Z.J., 2014. Does working from home work? Evidence from a Chinese experiment.The Quarterly Journal of Economics,130(1), pp.165-218. Chau, J.Y., Sukala, W., Fedel, K., Do, A., Engelen, L., Kingham, M., Sainsbury, A. and Bauman, A.E., 2016. More standing and just as productive: Effects of a sit-stand desk intervention on call center workers sitting, standing, and productivity at work in the Opt to Stand pilot study.Preventive medicine reports,3, pp.68-74. Dettmers, J., Vahle-Hinz, T., Bamberg, E., Friedrich, N. and Keller, M., 2016. Extended work availability and its relation with start-of-day mood and cortisol.Journal of occupational health psychology,21(1), p.105. Gay, L.R. and Mills, G.E., 2015.Educational Research: Competencies for Analysis and Applications, Global Edition: Edition 11. Pearson Education Limited. Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K., 2016. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Goodman, A., Mazerolle, S.M. and Pitney, W.A., 2015. Achieving work-life balance in the National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I setting, part II: perspectives from head athletic trainers.Journal of athletic training,50(1), pp.89-94. Grgoire, S. and Lachance, L., 2015. Evaluation of a brief mindfulness-based intervention to reduce psychological distress in the workplace.Mindfulness,6(4), pp.836-847. Janssens, M. and Zanoni, P., 2014. Alternative diversity management: Organizational practices fostering ethnic equality at work.Scandinavian Journal of Management,30(3), pp.317-331. Kelly, E.L., Moen, P., Oakes, J.M., Fan, W., Okechukwu, C., Davis, K.D., Hammer, L.B., Kossek, E.E., King, R.B., Hanson, G.C. and Mierzwa, F., 2014. Changing work and work-family conflict: Evidence from the work, family, and health network.American Sociological Review,79(3), pp.485-516. Landy, F.J. and Conte, J.M., 2016.Work in the 21st Century, Binder Ready Version: An Introduction to Industrial and Organizational Psychology. John Wiley Sons. Las Heras, M., Bosch, M.J. and Raes, A.M., 2015. Sequential mediation among family friendly culture and outcomes.Journal of Business Research,68(11), pp.2366-2373. Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches.Health promotion practice,16(4), pp.473-475. Mas, A. and Pallais, A., 2017. Valuing alternative work arrangements.American Economic Review,107(12), pp.3722-59. Moen, P., Kelly, E.L., Fan, W., Lee, S.R., Almeida, D., Kossek, E.E. and Buxton, O.M., 2016. Does a flexibility/support organizational initiative improve high-tech employees well-being? Evidence from the work, family, and health network.American Sociological Review,81(1), pp.134-164. Putnam, L.L., Myers, K.K. and Gailliard, B.M., 2014. Examining the tensions in workplace flexibility and exploring options for new directions.Human Relations,67(4), pp.413-440.

A scoping report on the Beighton Extreme Sport Park proposal The WritePass Journal

A scoping report on the Beighton Extreme Sport Park proposal Introduction A scoping report on the Beighton Extreme Sport Park proposal Introduction1. Spatial Scope1.1 Transport Links1.2 Employment2. Life-cycle of activities and Physical Presence2.1 Materials2.2 Temporal Scope2.3 Dimensions3. Assessment of Environmental and Socio – Economic Effects/ Reasons for Scoping Report3.1 Flora and Fauna3.2 Air and Noise Quality3.3 Groundwater Problems3.4 Light Pollution3.5 Sewage, Waste and Litter3.6 Socio-Economic4. Mitigating Measures 4.1 Table of Mitigation Measures and Alternatives4.2 Potential Dangers or Hazards5. Legislative and Policy Context 5.1   Introduction to EIA Policy   and Context5.2 Need for EIA (Schedule 2)5.3 Need for EIA (Schedule 3)BibliographyRelated Introduction 1. Spatial Scope The proposed site for the Beighton extreme sport park is located on the A57 which is the road connecting Sheffield city centre to junction 31 on the M1. Some of the local residential areas that surround the site include: Woodhouse, Hackenthorpe and Crystal Peaks, all of which could make up some for some of the workforce. Other local places of interest which could have an impact on the site include: the Shirebrook Nature Reserve, Westfield Sports Centre and Crystal Peaks shopping centre to the south. This can be seen more clearly in figure 1 and 2 below. The plot of land is currently owned by the Sheffield City Council and the developers are LBX Holdings Ltd who is based in Newcastle.   1.1 Transport Links As I mentioned before the site is located near the M1, which is the main motorway linking the south of Britain to the north. There is a tramline that runs from Sheffield city centre to Crystal Peaks one of the neighbouring residential areas and a bit further afield on the other side of the A57 there is Woodhouse railway station which again runs into the Sheffield city centre. The site would also be easily accessible for people living in the local areas that surround the proposed site. This can be viewed better in figure 1 and 2 below. 1.2 Employment The project information (2011) states that 140 full time jobs will be necessary during a 25 year operation period. More on employment will be discussed in section 3. This image is courtesy of www.MapQuest.com (2003) site accessed on (2011) from google images Figure 1. This map shows the proposed site for the sports park which is highlighted in blue. As you can see it is located directly on the A57 and is very close to residential areas. The M1 is located just off to the right of the picture. (Law) Motivation and managing diversity Second Draft   Photo courtesy of Stephen Jay (2011) Figure 2. This is an aerial photograph of the site which is circled in orange, again showing the A57 on the left and some of the residential areas surrounding the site. 2. Life-cycle of activities and Physical Presence 2.1 Materials Where possible materials will be used from local areas for the six major constructions in the proposed area. The access for the lorries bringing the materials should be fairly easy due to the M1 and A57 being so close. Particularly for the snowdome, skate park and canoe area, specialised materials will needed to be brought in to make them successful. Basic construction materials will be needed for the administration building and hotel such as; steel, timber and glass and tarmac would also be needed for the car park.   The project information hand out (2011) also states that 10,000 tonnes of topsoil will also be needed for landscaping. 2.2 Temporal Scope According to the project information hand out (2011) the site will give 100 jobs for a 16 month construction phase with over 200,000 tonnes of materials being needed to complete the park. The hand out also states that these materials will be transported in 10,000 trips over a six month period assuming it is done in a six day week. 2.3 Dimensions The dimensions, materials and layout in section 2.3 of each building are given in the Beighton Extreme Sports Park project information handbook (2011) Snowdome – This building would be the largest, www.SkyscraperPage.com   (2011) state that the square footage of the Xscape in Milton Keynes is 55,000m2 with a 44m roof. Beighton snowdome will be a lot smaller compared to this with only a small selection of restaurants so the dimensions will total 5,000m2 with a height of just 30m. Skate Park – This is an outdoor activity and will be 450m2; the height will be around 8m. A few bars will surround the skate park too adding to the area slightly. Canoe Park – www.london2012.com (2011) states that their canoe run in Lee Valley is 300m long, again Beighton has a smaller area so the canoe run will only be 200m in length, with picnic areas surrounding the run and some restaurants. Coach and Car Parking – Because this is a unique project and its easy accessibility the car park will be around 18,720m2 and floodlight. This includes all the circulation, floodlighting and bay parking areas. In total there will be enough bays for 590 cars 45 of which are for disabled drivers and in addition to this 120 spaces for overspill, plus 10 spaces for coaches. Hotel – The hotel will be two floors and have a square footage of 3700m2, it will include the usual hotel amenities such as bar and two restaurants, there will also be 20 rooms on the ground floor and a further 80 on the second floor. Administration Building – This will be 180m2 and will be built out of the same materials as the hotel which is timer steel and reinforced concrete. Photo courtesy of Stephen Jay (2011) Figure 3. This is another aerial photograph giving more detail into where the proposed buildings will be constructed. 3. Assessment of Environmental and Socio – Economic Effects/ Reasons for Scoping Report 3.1 Flora and Fauna Currently the site is attempting to replant some trees and other smaller plants as shown in figure 4 below, this would ultimately be disrupted by the project. However new shrubs and trees would be planted if the site were constructed and many of the areas round the hotel, admin building and canoe run could retain the local flora and fauna. Figure 4 shows some areas of Beighton Tip that has tried to be rehabilitated with trees and plants, some of this may be lost due to the construction plans. 3.2 Air and Noise Quality The Park will undoubtedly increase traffic in the local area which in turn will increase noise and air pollution, this will partly be due to the proximity of the M1. In popular seasons such as the summer months And weekends the car park may reach its maximum capacity leading to some overspill into the local residential areas, which again would increase noise and air pollution. Because canoeing and skiing are very specialist sports and the site is not a natural habitat for either of these sports, a lot of energy will be used to pump water into the canoe run and ski slope for freezing, this process will lead to a decrease in air quality and may add to problems on a global scale. 3.3 Groundwater Problems The project handbook (2011) states that 1 tonne of snow per day will be used and that inside the snow dome the temperature will be kept at around -2 C .In order for the snow to be produced 1500litres of water will be used per day with an underground tank storing 20,000litres. This could lead to some groundwater problems on the site if the tank were to break and lose water. 3.4 Light Pollution Because the park will be open well into the night, it may cause problems for the local residential areas in terms of constant light during late hours. With the lights from the M25 so close by, the park may add significant light pollution to the local area. A strategic environmental assessment of Devon transport links (pp37:2006) identified some of the main problems linked with light pollution: Light trespass: the intrusion of light into homes Glare: unshielded bright lighting may be hazardous in a relatively small area Sky Glow: the broad orange glow that prevents appreciation of the night sky They discovered that these types of light pollution led to a loss of insects such as moths, disrupted bird migration patterns and even stunted tree and shrub growth. 3.5 Sewage, Waste and Litter Currently there is a river running through the site which for the most part is underground. This is already has been polluted which is clear from the reddish   colour which is most probably iron oxides and large amount of litter, figure 5a and b highlights this ; the construction of the site will only increase the amount of sewage in the area which could cause some problems. There is water quality testing points all over the site which are clearly visible in figure 6. Before any work can take place a lot of the rubbish and graffiti will need to be cleaned not just in the site but on some of the walkways leading to the proposed area, this is shown in figures 7 and 8. Recycling points and rubbish bins will be put in place all over the proposed site so as to limit the amount of litter when the project has been constructed. Hopefully the extreme sports park will deter vandalism and litter in the local residential areas. Figure 5a b indicates the iron oxides (on the left) and possible other pollutants that inhibit the local stream that runs through the site Figure 6 shows the water quality stations over the site Figure 7 8 highlights the litter and graffiti problems that the sites has and will need to be addressed. 3.6 Socio-Economic The site will increase traffic in the local residential areas as I have mentioned before and may cause problems in parking if the sports park is full. It could encourage people to use the local shopping centre at Crystal Peaks which in turn would improve cash flows for other local businesses and as I mentioned earlier it would also provide jobs for the local area. Hopefully with more money being pumped into the park and its local businesses improvements could be made by the council on local problems such as: litter and graffiti in other areas outside the park, better transport links, better residential facilities or improvements on current roadways. There is some competition in Xscape Castleford outside Leeds and Milton Keynes which are similar projects; however the main competitor is Sheffield Ski Village which has a dry ski slope. The proposed ski slope at Beighton uses real snow from frozen water which I believe would make it a lot more popular and with the other attractions more successful. 4. Mitigating Measures 4.1 Table of Mitigation Measures and Alternatives Problem Mitigation Alternative Car Park Overspill Reduce the size of some of the other proposed constructions and increase the size of the car park Using another site close by as extra car parking space Increased Traffic Improve local road networks such as expanding either the M1 or A57 allowing more cars on the road at one time. Encourage more bus routes or easier access to tram lines meaning people from Sheffield would use public transport over cars which would reduce traffic Relocate proposed site to somewhere less residential, which would affect less residential areas and at a site that has even better transport links which could manage the amount of traffic generated by the sports park. Flora and Fauna Loss Leave areas of current restoration as much as possible Introduce a new programme allowing restoration in other parts of the local area Sewage and Waste Build more recycling and rubbish points on the site Recycle rubbish at legally and dump other waste and legal landfill sites Air/Noise Quality Closing the park earlier and opening later, would reduce the amount of emissions and energy used, it would also decrease the noise created by the park at the later hours Using the site for other sports which require less energy and generate less noise such as indoor football, tennis etc. 4.2 Potential Dangers or Hazards With such extreme sports there are always going to be risks and possible dangers. At each of the main constructions there will be first aid equipment and in each area there will always be a certified first aider. With the local transport links to medical centres in some of the local residential areas and the A57 leading to central Sheffield there is easy access to medical attention when needed. In terms of the sports themselves, maintenance teams will need to be on site at all times ready to fix any dangerous problems, such as any malfunctions to the machines converting the water to snow or problems with the waterworks in the canoe run. 5. Legislative and Policy Context 5.1   Introduction to EIA Policy   and Context Carroll and Turpin (2009) state that the need for legislation when it comes to Town and Country planning which was introduced in 1990 is because it allows developers to apply to local authorities for guidance on whether an EIA is necessary to build on a certain plot of land. They go on to explain that the projects are split into schedule 1 to 3. Schedule 1 projects always require an EIA as they are potentially polluting projects, schedule 2 only need an EIA to establish whether it meets certain criteria or exceeds any thresholds established by the government. Schedule 3 is classed as the criteria needed for screening schedule 2.   Due to Beighton extreme sports park not being primarily build for any natural resource extraction or used for any waste disposal it cannot be classed as schedule 1, therefore it must be classed as schedule 2 and 3,   therefore screening is needed in order to establish whether the project proposal will meet the necessary thresholds and criteria 5.2 Need for EIA (Schedule 2) All policies and legislation mentioned in section 5.2 and 5.3 was used from www.legislative.go.uk from looking at the www.legislative.gov.uk (1999) the town and country planning regulations it clearly states in schedule 2, section 10 infrastructure projects part b that, ‘Urban development projects, including the construction of shopping centres and car parks, sports stadiums, leisure centres and multiplex cinemas;’. It also mentions that all areas of development that exceed 0.5 hectares will require and EIA. The size of the proposed car park is 18,720m ­2 which exceeds the criteria in this section of the schedule. Still referring to schedule 2 of the town and country planning 1999 in section 12 Tourism and Leisure it states that in order for, ‘Ski-runs, ski-lifts and cable-cars and associated developments;’ to be constructed the threshold is, ‘the area of the works exceeds 1 hectare; or the height of any building or other structure exceeds 15 metres’. The proposed area of the snowdome is 5,000m2 and the height is 30m which exceeds both thresholds. Later on in section 12 it also says that, ‘Holiday villages and hotel complexes outside urban areas and associated developments;’ are also included, the proposal also shows that it exceeds these thresholds with the hotel being 3,700m2. 5.3 Need for EIA (Schedule 3) According to the Town and Country Planning 1999 the criteria for screening include, ‘characteristics of development, location of development and characteristics of potential impacts’. Included in some of these characteristics are criteria such as, ‘size of development, pollution and nuisance, the risk of accidents, having regard in particular to substances or technologies used, proximity to nature reserves and parks and the extent of the impact (geographical area and size of the affected population)’. Also these factors may be affected by the proposed project and will need to be taken into consideration for example as I mentioned earlier some of the sports are considered extreme and accidents could occur, a scoping report would be beneficial in understanding more about the possible dangerous and what can be done to prevent them. The site is also located in very close proximity to the Beighton Marsh Nature Park Bibliography Wood, C. (2003) Environmental Impact Assessment – A Comparative Review 2nd Edition, London: Pearson Press DTLR Transport Local Government Regions (2000) Environmental Impact Assessment – A Guide to Procedures, London: Telford Press Carroll, B. Turpin, T. (2009) Environmental Impact Assessment Handbook 2nd Edition, London: Thomas Telford Ltd (2011) Details on large buildings on a global scale for skyscraper enthusiasts (Online) Available: www.skyscraperpage.com (9th March 2011) Jay, S. (2011) Photos of Beighton Tip (Online) Available: www.shuspace.ac.uk   (9th March 2011) Devon County Council (2004) Strategic Environmental Assessment for the Devon Local Transport Plan 2006-11 Scoping Report (Online) Available: www.devon.gov.uk (15th March 2011) Coughtrie, N. (2011) Photos of Beighton Tip (9th March 2011) (2011) The Home of UK Legislation (Online) Available: www.legislation.gov.uk   (9th March 2011) Jay, S. (2011) Beighton Extreme Sports Park Project Information (9th March 2011) (2003) Map of Beighton tip and surrounding area (Online) Available: www.mapquest.com (9th March 2011)

30+ Writing Podcasts You Should Be Listening To

30+ Writing Podcasts You Should Be Listening To 30+ Writing Podcasts You Should Be Listening To Well†¦ don’t try to listen to all these writing podcasts - or you’ll never get any writing done!With the massive popularity of audiobooks and podcasts, you could easily say that we’re in an era of ‘peak audio content’ - and for book fans and budding writers, there’s never been a better time to get intimate advice from a range of voices. To celebrate the second season of Reedsy's Bestseller podcast, we’re giving you the skinny on some of the best writing podcasts around.Publishing and Self-PublishingPublishing a book is no easy feat. And if you choose to do it yourself by going down the independent publishing route, there’s a lot you’ll need to learn about marketing, design, and distribution. Thankfully, you won’t be short on great advice from those who have done it before.Bestseller by Reedsyâ€Å"The definitive insider's guide to our current golden age of television.†Ben Blacker of The Thrilling Adven ture Hour lets his listeners eavesdrop into conversation with some of the biggest names in television writing. If you dream of writing TV drama, or are just a Netflix addict, you’ll want to tune in for his talks with the likes of Vince Gilligan (Breaking Bad), Amy Sherman-Palladino (Gilmore Girls and The Marvelous Mrs. Maisel) and Damon Lindelof (Lost).Have we missed out your favorite podcast? Drop a message in the comments below and let us know!

Cellular Respiration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cellular Respiration - Essay Example ATP is called as a "Universal energy currency" since all the energy transactions of the cell use this molecule. In terms of efficiency, aerobic respiration is more efficient than the anaerobic respiration which yields only two molecules of ATP. Both these modes of respiration share the initial Glycolysis step, which occurs in cytoplasm. After, the glycolysis, other reactions of the aerobic respiration, Krebs (Citric acid cycle) and oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. Of the four different isozymes, type IV enzyme is not amenable to feedback inhibitory mechanism and is specific to liver and pancreas. During elevated levels of blood glucose, excess amount of Glucose-6-phosphate is made for conversion to glycogen for future use in liver (Table 1). 2. The second reaction of this cascade is catalyzed by phosphoglucose isomerase leading to interconversion of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate during glycolysis and gluconeogenesis (Table 1). 3. Third step in the glycolysis in another priming reaction leading to the addition of another phosphate group by an enzyme called phosphofructokinase 1. This is a unidirectional reaction committing the cells to glycolysis. A phosphatase called fructose bisphosphatase is required for the reverse reaction. A balance of enzymatic activities of phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphatase determines whether the reaction proceeds towards glycolysis or gluconeogenesis. This reaction is activated by AMP and also fructose 2,6-bisphosphate which is a product of the reaction catalyzed by phosphofructokinase 2. These enzymes are downregulated by glucagon at the transcriptional level. Fructose bisphosphatase is inhibited by fructose 2,6 bisphosphate (Table 1). 4. The fourth step in the process of glycolysis is the reversible cleavage of fructose 1,6 bisphosphate to form two different triose phosphates, both of which continue through glycolysis, by an enzyme termed aldolase. The different isozymes of aldolase have different catalytic functions: aldolases A and C are mainly involved in glycolysis, while aldolase B

Improvign quality through training and education Essay

Improvign quality through training and education - Essay Example ..6 Establishing a Corporate University†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 The Focus†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 Conducting the Training and Education†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.8 The Delivery Method†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..9 Further Plans†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢ € ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.10 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦11 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦12 Appendix A†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Appendix B†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..14 Abstract The company must realize that another value adding practice is that of developing the human resource. By pursuing higher levels of training and education for its employees the company should put itself in the position of higher quality outputs. By being skilled and equipped to deal with the problems of the company, each employee will be able to share the burden of problem solving and identification that was once wrongly monopolized by the managerial positions. This will result to a swifter and more efficient workforce organization that will benefit the company in more ways than one. Also, by empowering the employees, the company allows them to share their vision and goals and hold them parallel to the mission and vision statements of the company. With everybody on board the plans and the shared vision for the future of the company, the whole organization will be much more unified and effective in matters of communicating and steering in the direction of business success and development. Establishing a corporate university is a way to do this. Although it will be costly on the initial stages, if the profit objectives are still met then such university, in essence, just also paid for itself and will continually have dividends in the longer run and in the future stability of the company. Improving Quality Through Training and Education Introduction Technology and advancements can dictate the pace and performance of a company, but it pales in comparison to the importance of a good manpower sector in an organization. Manpower is essential in all departments, businesses, and organizations for it functions as the brain and driving force of the whole system. Without well and proper-trained individuals to man the company, chances are strong that it will not be navigated in the right direction to achieve profit objectives, stability, and future sustainability. It is also important to empower employees for the betterment of the whole organiza tion internally. What must be understood is that the whole company must function as one in order to optimize its capabilities. By empowering employees, the management allows them to share the company’s vision and goals and also make it as their own. With a unified sight for what needs to be done, the whole organi

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth - Essay Example For economic growth to happen there is a need for entrepreneurs to assume, manage, and organize the risks that are in the various business ventures. While entrepreneurship is personal, it has an impact on the entire society, which affirms the positive correlation between entrepreneurship and economic growth. Entrepreneurship is usually s an outcome of complex factors that include socioeconomic, technological, and psychological factors within the environments in which the entrepreneurs live. As a process, entrepreneurship is very dynamic and risky as it involves a combination of human talent or creativity, capital and technology. The concept of entrepreneurship applies to small business enterprises as well as large businesses and multinational corporations. It also applies to economic activities and non-economic activities. Entrepreneurial activity on the other hand refers to the rate of new venture start up that is initiated or started by the entrepreneurs and is motivated by the ava ilability of opportunities. Economic development focuses on ways in which production and competition for resources in enhanced. It also involves the process through which per capita income of a country is increased. ... The economy is portrayed as a combination of enterprises and businesses each of which is a combination of the various factors of production. The Role of the Entrepreneur and Creativity The entrepreneur fulfills several functions. The most important function is that of innovation. The entrepreneur uses the available information and his creativity to come up with products that fulfill the need that has been identified in the society. The entrepreneur also comes up with improvements on the already existing products and comes up with new markets for the products. Being creative, the entrepreneur also comes up with a new organization for a specific industry. Through creative innovations, the entrepreneur converts the available material into resources. He also comes up with different ways to combine the available resources and come up with more products that are better and more productive. Creativity is therefore a very important part of the entrepreneurship process. In relation to entrepr eneurship, creativity is the process of developing new services and products that were previously unavailable (Wennekers, Stel, and Carree 45). An entrepreneur also has the responsibility of organizing the resources that are a necessary part of production. This means he has to use his creative and innovative abilities, and his leadership skills to coordinate the production team, generate the resources required for production, and supervise the process of production. The entrepreneur has to ensure that the available resources are channeled towards progressive activities in the pursuit that he has chosen. If the entrepreneur is not keen on the process of the organization of the resources, he may end up using the available resources to produce goods or services that are already in surplus.

Economic Analysis of Australia

Economic Analysis of Australia Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Analyzing Performance of Production Output Performance Trends Measures taken by Government to achieve Economic Performance Labor Market Analysis Unemployment Measure taken by Government to achieve full employment Price Level Analysis Inflation Trend Causes of Inflation Government measures for achievement of Stability in Price Conclusion References Introduction Australian economy has been encountering growth which generally emphasizes on low level from claiming unemployment, holding inflation, and low debt obligation for open and a stable solid monetary framework. For quite a while that is around 2012, Australia has been encountering nonstop monetary development for quite some time calculated as 2 decades which is reportedly increasing with 3.5 percent per year. Various assets and energy demand needs has been increasing with a rapid pace from the developing from Asia and China by working on a practical idea of creating a channel that easily carries on with the purpose of investing interest in the resources and at the same time growing them within the commodity. In this essay, monetary execution also known as economic performance of Australia will analysed and various studies will be carried out to get a deeper knowledge of it. Analyzing Performance of Production Output It has been quite a while during 2013, when the Gross Domestic Product of Australia was reported to be a whooping US $ 1560.60 billion. The quality from claiming Gross Domestic Product over Australia has been known to represent 2.52 % share within the worldwide economy. A normal expansion of about US $ 348 billion was reported in the year i.e. 2004 but it reached an astounding level of $ 1560. 60 in earlier years. Concerned illustrations marked a low reach of US $ 18. 60 billion (Zambrano, 2008). Regardless of the monetary tightness and strictness inside the economy, there is degree to the Gross Domestic Product with raise in additional concerns dealing with an idea of raise in economy with the raise in mineral reserves and its exports. (Fig 1: GDP of Australia 2004- 2013) (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2014) Performance Trends Those economy about Australia need been recognized similarly as a standout amongst the greatest capital economy crosswise over the globe. It need been computed that the Gross Domestic Product for Australia for quite a while in 2013 arrived dependently upon US $ 1. 5 trillion. Those downright riches of Australia need been computed toward US$ 6. 4 trillion. In the quite a while i.e. around 2012, its been distinguished concerning twelfth greatest national economy crosswise over those globe Toward the count about nominal amount of Gross Domestic Product. It may be additionally positioned at seventh rank toward the proper estimation for Gross Domestic Product following settling on alterations clinched alongside PPP. This need been computed similarly as 1. 7 % of the worldwide economy Australia is coming under the mark of rank nineteenth constantly the biggest exporter furthermore shipping over the globe (BBC News, 2014). Those administration segment from claiming Australia dominates the w hole economy of Australia that comprises of 68 percentage of the whole Gross Domestic Product. Those stock trade about Australia that is in Sydney need been positioned toward nine rank crosswise over the globe for admiration to promotion for market. (Fig 2: Australian Exports in the year 2006 across the globe) (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2014) Measures taken by Government to achieve Economic Performance In place to guarantee that economy of Australia sits tight great crosswise over those worldwide economy, legislature need to be been a number for activities to incitement about financial development same time providing for sufficient level for help of the worth of effort surroundings too (Zambrano, 2008). Those administration need presently been keeping tabs upon authorities should work greatly for making previous ventures work furthermore divisions about science and various engineering organization should exist on the check list to furthermore enhance the region in order to make smoother moving towards advancement by performing various tasks and doing certain researches. Labor Market Analysis The background about Australia has been known to remain developing during an unfaltering position for quite a while around the year 2003. The rate from claiming unemployment has been known to setting off by the rate of 6 percent and is continuing to slow down till the present time. (BBC News, 2014). The patterns clinched alongside unemployment from claiming specific states alternately locales might not influence the experience of Labour market crosswise over the whole range about Australia. Sydney should bring more level rate for unemployment in examination for different zones or locales. However, despite the fact that those rate for unemployment need been low Since the time that the end about money related crisis, those unemployment rate for different created nations need aid still easier. This states that there is at present extent for Australia to enhance this rate. Unemployment Unemployment will be a state during which people who need aid eager to worth of effort come up short to search for proper occupations. This may greatly prove to be an unfriendly condition that not only have enormous effect on the lifestyle for people yet it proves to be a hazard on the whole economy also. Clinched alongside attention with those sorts from claiming unemployment, it has been seen that the most of the Australian population dives through issues claiming cyclical unemployment (Rogers, 2013). This hazardous process usually takes place when the whole economy may be at a level of decrement. It may also be caused when there is a decline in the demand of nominal goods that prove to be bringing an increment in the economy. Australia is known to be suffering from confronting issues as big as structural unemployment. Measure taken by Government to achieve full employment For admiration to the issue from claiming unemployment, the legislature of Australia need o produce a frictional arrangement working towards good of the citizens (Bremner, 2007). This specific approach should focus with reducing activities that basically causes diminishment of societies. It can be done by claiming strict qualities for connection with points of interest instead of complaining about unemployment. A centralised data of skilled people and various companies should be made to enhance the job and employment process. This particular idea usage has been proving fruitful to labourers and workers that need aid while searching for occupations to an animated. Price Level Analysis Inflation Trend Those rate of inflation for the year2014 in the second quarter has been computed toward 3 percentage (BBC News, 2014). In the case of Australia, those rate of inflation contributes in the assessment of a fact that the climb in the price of a commodity that has to be beard and paid by a normal purchaser. Products like tobacco and alcohol have seen a price rise in some of the considerable years that have passed. (Fig 3: Inflation Trends in Australia) (Source: Office for National Statistics, 2014) Causes of Inflation The principle foundation behind sudden rise in inflation is because of sudden cost increment in raw petroleum that in the end prompts a value rise in vitality charges and foreign merchandise (Bremner, 2007). Other reasons that had been recognized are basically concerned with expanded costs for import, expansion in the rate of backhanded taxes, and increasing rate of labour toward government Government measures for achievement of Stability in Price There comes a point when there is an event of negative pattern inside inflation, there would possibilities that there will a chance to be a decrease in the trade rates. This is on account of the brokers will start those deal of cash that will prompt a diminishing scenario in the exchange rates. This is the reason why legislature of Australia initiates drifting trade rates that serves for reversing once again the real level from claiming interest. Conclusion The economy of Australia has been experiencing regular growth and featuring low level of unemployment, containing inflation, very low debt of public and a stable and strong financial system. The economy of Australia has been identified as one of the biggest capital economy across the globe. It has been calculated that the GDP of Australia for the year 2013 has reached up to US $ 1.5 trillion. In consideration with the types of unemployment, it has been seen that the Australian population mostly goes through issues of cyclical unemployment. With respect to the issue of unemployment, the government of Australia has generated a frictional policy. References BBC News. (2014). Korean economy growing at fastest rate since 2007. BBC South Korea. Bremner, C. (2007). Top 150 city destinations: South Korea leads the way. Euromonitor International. Office for National Statistics. (2014). Gross Domestic Product: Preliminary Estimate, Q1 2014. Rogers, S. (2013). Deficit, national debt and government borrowing how has it changed since 1946?. The Guardian. Zambrano, J. (2008). World's Most Economically Powerful Cities. Forbes.      Economic Analysis of Australia Economic Analysis of Australia Australia has had a good track record of prudent fiscal policy, strong macroeconomic management and performance, and good financial regulation over the years but most importantly all through the global economic crisis. In fact compared to other OECD countries it’s weathered the current crisis extraordinarily well. In 2012 the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Australia accounted for 2.45% of the world economy at 1520.60 billion US dollars. Since 2008 its economy has grown by 14.3%. If we take a look at Australia’s GDP per capita, the biggest rally is in 2009 if you measure it in US dollars. Where growth since 2007 is 42% compared to 24% using nominal Australian dollars. If we take inflation into account and look at Real GDP, which is a more realistic view as it’s used to define the standard of living; Australia has increased by 5% since 2007. Relative to the UKs decline by 6% during the same period, this is an outstanding result. Growth of Australia GDP per capita (2007=100)    2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 Real (A$) 97.4 100.0 100.5 110.1 101.3 102.2 104.1 105.4 Nominal (A$) 93.3 100.0 107.1 107.0 114.0 119.6 121.1 124.4 Nominal (US$) 83.3 100.0 108.8 101.0 125.0 147.2 149.6 142.6 Data source: IMF Australia’s economy is dominated by its services sector, yet its economic success is based on its abundance of agricultural and mineral resources. Mining, including oil and gas, accounts for 60% of Australia’s exports and over 10% of its Gross Domestic Product. Source: Australian Government, Dept. of foreign affairs Australia’s close proximity to China and its strong demand for commodities has also helped with the mining sectors rapid growth in the last 10 years. The expansion in the mining sector has had a knock on effect to other related sectors which have grown rapidly on the back of it mining equipment, technology and services (METS), education exports, construction and financial services. Australia’s terms of trade rose to an historic high in to 2011 mainly due to high global prices for its exports such as Iron ore and coal. Australia acknowledges and it’s been well documented that the mining boom is over its peak and mining related investment is expected to fall dramatically. Therefore, Australia is building a sophisticated services export, converting its natural advantages in mining and agriculture into a wider knowledge-based, diversified and service-oriented economy. Although some sectors unrelated to mining have struggled with Australia’s strong exchange rate, unemployment, albeit edging higher , remains at a low level, inflation is within targets and public debt is low relative to other OECD countries. Over the medium term the biggest external risk to the Australian economy is a slowdown in growth in China and a related fall in commodity prices. As outlined in the table below over 50% of its exports were shipped to China, Japan and Korea in 2012-2013, if demand from these markets were to fall dramatically it could be detrimental to the Australian economy. Australias main export destinations 2012-13 (e) (f) 1 China 31.60% 2 Japan 18.80% 3 Republic of Korea 7.70% 4 India 4.60% 5 United States 3.60% Source: Australian Government, Dept. of foreign affairs Between 2008 and 2013 the Australian government took a number of steps to boost trade and investment, among these they reduced taxes on imports and simplified the screening process for foreign direct investment. Because of these alterations to policy Australia is 4th in OECD for ease of trade and investment flows, behind only the Netherlands, Poland and Belgium. As pointed out by Brian Aitken, IMF Mission Chief to Australia- â€Å"Australia’s flexible exchange rate provides a buffer against shocks and the authorities have both monetary and fiscal policy space to react if the outlook deteriorates â€Å" (Australia on Path to Broader-based Growth, IMF Survey, February 12, 2014). The government aims to reach a fiscal surplus over the medium term and have put strategies in place to do so. Which will put them in a position to take the necessary steps; they believe, to counter act damage to their economy. As noted above, Australia has a flexible exchange rate which means that the Reserve Bank (RBA) is able to react to shocks in the market by altering its independent monetary policy. As outlined in the graph below its exchange rate main trend has been growth since 2008/2009 with a slight decline in value recently. This strong exchange rate has boosted household income because of cheaper imports however it has had an adverse effect on the international competitiveness of manufacturing firms – particularly the car sector, education and tourism sectors. All that said, as outlined in the OECD Economic Survey 2012; â€Å"The Stronger exchange rates together with capital-goods investment have increased imports and thus widened the current account deficit.† In the IMFs Article IV the economists are noted to believe that â€Å"despite some recent depreciation , Australia’s exchange rate is still moderately overvalued and is weighing down non-mining activity. â€Å" Unlike most OECD countries the Australian Banking Sector has continued to perform well, has kept pre crisis profits through 2008 to date, and continued to be rated favourably by international rating agencies, current rating AAA. Their exposure to the stressed banking sector in Euro zone is low and the Australian governments’ priority is to help preserve the banking sector as this will aid them in accessing international capital markets with relative ease. In February 2012 the government implemented a deposit guarantee scheme for all bank deposits up to 250,000 AUS dollars which will fully protect 99% of deposits in any Australian bank. Over the last 12 months Australia has seen an upsurge in the housing markets, mainly concentrated in the major cities where house prices rose by 10%,the highest yearly growth in four years. This in turn has led to an upsurge in the construction sector, which had previously been weak. However, it is not envisaged that construction of new homes will meet demand which could attribute further to house price acceleration. Household credit has remained moderate; however, Australian government and banks need to learn from its peer’s mistakes in OECD and guard against the effect a sudden drop in house price which could mean a reduction in consumer confidence and an impact on economic activity. Some point to Australia’s tax system as a major contributor to the house price surge, record low interest rates are being paid on savings and very attractive tax concessions being offered to property investors such as negative gearing and capital gains discount. However high taxes and charges on new homes, a difficult planning process and the urban consolidation policies are driving costs higher, which in turn is helping to further inflate house prices. That said, despite growth in the housing market being largest since 2009, there had been a decline in housing prices in 2011 2012 totaling 4.2% similar to the decline in 2008, so an increase was expected by most .The labour market is also effecting house prices with unempolyemnt rising and people moving mainly to the cities to get empolyment, a factor which is attributing to both house price and rental market increases. Another contributing factor is Australias population growth and immgration. In 2009 the popluation grew by 2%, over half of this was net migration alone. On the back of demand for new homes economists expect an increase in the construction sector in 2014 to help boost economic growth. Already Australia has seen an increase in the approval of residential homes, January alone seen an increase of almost 7%, which puts the annual growth rate at 34.6%. Australia’s unemployment rate climbed to a 10 year high in January 2014 6%, a 2% increase since 2008 that said it is low compared to other OECD countries which are still feeling the effects of the Global Financial Crisis. In the recent IMF Article IV report WA Chamber of Commerce and Industry chief economist John Nicolau said of these figures that the states economy remains buoyant despite the jump in unemployment. Weve got employment growth of around 16,500 new full-time jobs in this last month alone, coupled with 9,000 the month prior, he said. â€Å"That’s the strongest two-month period of employment growth in this state for six years (abc.net.au, 13th March 2014). Unemployment Rate 2008 – 2014 Unemployment Rate versus other Economies This year already new jobs have been generated and filled, approx. 50,000 in February, but the unemployment rate of 6% remains static as there was a 0.2% rise in the proportion of people in work or looking for it the participation rate now stands at 64.8%. February 2014 marked the 15th consecutive month where unemployment grew less than the size of the labour force. The inflation rate in Australia has remained relatively low in recent years (table below), down from 4.4% in 2008. This is consistent with the central bank’s objective of an average inflation rate of between 2% and 3% a year. The Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) expects that inflation will stay at or below this until at least mid-2015, with wage growth forecast to remain contained. Historical Inflation Rates (2008 – 2014) Year mar Jun sep dec Ann 2013 2.5% 2.4% 2.2% 2.7% 2.5% 2012 1.6% 1.2% 2% 2.2% 1.7% 2011 3.3% 3.5% 3.4% 3% 3.3% 2010 2.9% 3.1% 2.9% 2.8% 2.9% 2009 2.4% 1.4% 1.2% 2.1% 1.7% 2008 4.3% 4.4% 5% 3.7% 4.4% Source:rateinflation.com Last year, 2013, Australias inflation rate moderate to around 2.2% 2.5%, and has been broadly stable since, reflecting ongoing strength in the Australian dollar, broad-based competitive pressures within the domestic economy and subdued growth in costs. The absence of high inflationary pressures is another aid so the government can alter monetary policy as and when it needs to in order to help guard the economy against risks. The Australian cash rate fell from 7% in 2008 in response to the Global Economic Crisis; the Reserve Bank of Australia cut interest rates by 4% between September 2008 and February 2009 in response to the slowdown of their economy – an effect of the Global Financial Crisis. RBA cut interest rates again in 2012 in response a worsening outlook to the global economy and signs of their own weakening labour market. The cash rate now stands at 2.50%, the lowest on record. However, this is expected to edge higher this year as growth is expected to strengthen helped by the low interest rates and inflation is expected to stay within target of 2%-3%. In the long run an increase in interest rates could help the spiraling house prices in the major cities come back to more realistic valuations. A new government was voted into Australia in September 2013 and they are preparing for their first budget in May. The budget deficit for 2012 – 2013 was 2.6% of GDP an increase from 1.3% in 2008- 2009. Top of the new government’s agenda is to tackle public debt, and they are being very vocal in pointing the finger of blame at their predecessors. Of the 17 top surveyed IMF countries, Labour left us with the fastest growth in spending of anyone in the world and they left us with the third highest growth in debt of anyone in the top 17,( Mr Hockey, Treasurer, abc.net.au,13th March 2014) Their aim is to return their budget to surplus and maintain a budget surplus going forward; to do this a huge cut in spending will be needed. As highlighted in the IMFs article IV; â€Å"If tax revenue is held at its average level over the last decade, the resulting budget deficit in 2023/24 would reach 2 percent of GDP. Reaching the government’s budget surplus target would thus require cutting spending by around 3 percent of GDP, either by reducing net non-social spending or by putting in place policy measures to contain increases in social spending†( IMF Article IV, 2014) Consumer confidence has been low, Consumer spending was held back in 2013 because of uncertainty around the government election in that September, high household debt, and uncertainty in the economy. In the year to June 2013 retail sales growth rates were at their lowest rate in 51 years, rising just 2.5% from the previous year. Because of this consumers have increased their saving rates since 2007 and reduced their demand for loans. Although household debt is high, Australian households seem to be able to meet this debt with only 1% non-preforming house loans and 50% of owner occupiers repaying ahead of their mortgage schedule. Compared to other OECD countries tax to GDP in Australia is low. Since 1965 Australia has ranked in the bottom third of OECD countries and in 2010 it ranked fifth lowest over all. Tax-to-GDP ratio for OECD countries, 2010 Source: OECD Revenue Statistics, 2012. Of the OECD countries Australia also has the third lowest level of taxation on personal income which includes social security taxes and taxes on payroll. Tax revenue (% of GDP) in Australia Source: tradingecomomics.com In 2008 tax revenues were steady at approx. 24% however as a result of the Global Economic crisis tax to GDP fell to approx. 20% in 2010 – 2011 since then total taxes have recovered one third of the lose but are still not back at 2008 level. Australia’s tax components are very similar to other OECD countries but with one major difference, Australia is one of two countries in OECD which do not levy social security taxes. Conclusion: Over all the Australian economy has performed very well since 2008, mainly because of its mining sector and related industries. The big challenge ahead is whether and how quickly it can adapt to mining construction falling. Home building and mining exports could help boost the economy and drive economic growth in the medium term. Now that the election is over and there is renewed demand for housing could be indicators of a boost consumer confidence and help the consumer start to spend again. If interest rates remain low this will help stimulate discretionary consumer spending and dwelling construction. Unemployment is still low at 6% compared to Australia’s OECD peers and new jobs are being generated, aided by a rise in demand for new housing. The main internal risk to the Australian economy is that the new government may be too aggressive in reducing government spending in their aim for budget surplus however this effect could be lessened by a further cut in interest rates. The main external risk to the economy as outlined already is Australia’s reliance on the Chinese market and commodity prices. Chinas growth rate is currently at approx. 7%, their government are implanting fiscal stimulus which should boost economic growth which will have a positive effect on the Australian economy as there will be continued demand for commodities to be exported to China. This may also affect the demand for housing in Australia as Chinese investors buy to rent, thus boosting the employment sector. The Australian banking sector is strong and both domestic and international markets have fate in it, it is one of only eight sovereigns globally to be rated AAA with a stable outlook by all the major credit rating agencies. This is a huge endorsement on the Australian Economy. If any shocks were to apply to the Australian Economy, its government are one of few globally that have the fiscal and monetary policy that will enable them to adapt very quickly. Australia’s economic performance to date has been the result of good structural reforms, demand for commodities and sound macroeconomic policies, hence the IMF forecasting â€Å"annual average GDP growth for Australia of 3.1% between 2013 and 2018 – the highest growth forecast among major advanced economies† (IMF, World Economic Outlook, April 2013). Bibliography IMF, Article IV Australia, 2013 OECD, Ecomonic Outlook Australia, 2012 Macrobusiness.com Tradingeconomics.com GFmag.com Reserve Bank Australia Business.nsu.gov.au Abc.net.au

99 Cent Store Case Study Essay -- essays research papers

99 Cent Only Business Strategy v. The Competition David Gold, founder and CEO says the 99 Cent strategy is â€Å"to create the shortest path possible between the customer and the sale† (Rae-Dupree, 2004). This is important in deep discount retail in order to purchase close-out and other special-situation merchandise at prices substantially below wholesale that sell at prices significantly below regular retail (Symplicity, 2005).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Over the past two years, the company has suffered a $17.00/share loss on its stock (from $30 to $13.00) mainly due to declining operating margins (Domash, 2004) caused by over-optimism in the Texas market. Competitors were more deeply entrenched than their research had shown, and reduced earnings forecasts combined with declining operating margins were the sell signal for many investors in the company. Also, the need to upgrade their IT infrastructure to support expansion in its California base market was the second company downfall. The following is a summary of the company strategy: 1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Focus on brand name consumables. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Broad selection of regularly available merchandise. 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Attractive and well-maintained stores. 4.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Strong supplier relationships. 5.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Focus on larger stores and wider demographic of value-conscious customers. 6.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Welcoming and Flexible ...